Open alternatives5
Open-source apps that replace Google Android and Apple iOS

GrapheneOS is a mobile operating system for phones that focuses on privacy and security while still running most Android apps. It is aimed at people who want a more private and secure phone, and it currently supports Pixel phones only.

LineageOS is a free replacement operating system for many Android phones and tablets, giving older or newer devices a fresh, customizable software base. It is for people who want more control over their phone's software and privacy.
/e/OS is a smartphone operating system built on a de-Googled version of Android that aims to keep your data private. It is for people who want a phone that does not track their location or app use.

postmarketOS is a Linux-based operating system for phones, built to keep older devices useful for many years. It is for tinkerers: on most phones, calls, the camera or mobile data do not fully work yet.

Ubuntu Touch is a free, open source operating system for smartphones that aims to work like a full desktop computer. It is for people who want a phone with more privacy and control over their software.
What's missing
What people still miss here, and wish existed. Upvote what matters to you.
Before you build
Planning something for phone operating systems? See what exists first, so you can reuse parts or explain what's different. Paste this into any AI assistant:
Fix the list itself
A project or closed app missing from this list, or a mistake on it? These open a short form on GitHub, and a mod reviews it. To say what a project can't do, use What's missing.
About this page
Replaces fully means it does the main job of these apps; Replaces partly means it covers some of it.
Licenses: every project here uses an open-source license (what each one means). Open core means some parts are paid or under another license.
GitHub stars are shown for reference. They measure popularity, not whether it replaces anything.
Verified means r/TrueOpenSource mods checked it: open-source license, maintained, and it really does the job.
How Open Source Everything works